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Contents |
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Caterina Lupo, Luca De Santis |
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CNIPA and legislative XML: an update on projects and new initiatives |
pp.
13-21 |
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In the last two years CNIPA has been involved in several projects related to Legislative XML. Some of them directly adopt NormeinRete standards,
while others are influenced by NormeinRete results. Currently, CNIPA's projects mainly focus on back office issues, in order to make information systems effective in
supporting the whole laws management process. In this paper we illustrate current
and forecast CNIPA's initiatives in the field of Legislative XML. |
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Dámaso Javier Vicente Blanco, M. Mercedes Martínez González |
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Spain on Going Legislative XML Projects |
pp.
23-38 |
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The current state of the use of XML in legislative projects is presented.
The experiences presented are classified in four groups: commercial databases, official databases, other projects and experiences, and finally, current research in this area.
The analysis considers four aspects for each legislative XML project examined: a) what it is; b) starting date; c) who is doing it; and d) how it is being developed. |
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Andrea Marchetti, Isabella Martins Garcia Leite, Maurizio Tesconi, Salvatore Minutoli, Marco Rosella |
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A Schema Development for Brazilian Legislative Acts |
pp.
39-52 |
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This is a brief of the research activities involved in the development of a XML Schema for Brazilian Legislative acts. |
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Joao Alberto de Oliveira Lima |
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An Adaptation of the FRBR Model to Legal Norms |
pp.
53-65 |
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FRBR (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records) is an entity-relationship model developed in 1998 by IFLA (International Federation of Library
Associations and Institutions) as a new way to model bibliographic records. Its
main feature is the recognition of four entities (Work, Expression, Manifestation, and Item) representing different levels of abstraction of a certain work. This paper
proposes an adaptation of the FRBR model to the modelling of the several levels of
abstraction of a legal norm. |
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Fabio Vitali, Flavio Zeni |
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Towards a country-independent data format: the Akoma Ntoso experience |
pp.
67-86 |
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AKOMA NTOSO (Architecture for Knowledge-Oriented Management of African Normative Texts using Open Standards and Ontologies) is an operating framework and a set of guidelines for driving e-Parliament services in a Pan-African context by formalizing and harmonizing the storage, publication and exchange of Parliamentary documents using a precise, common and easy to understand data format based on XML. The AKOMA NTOSO XML document schema provides
sophisticated description possibilities for Parliamentary document types (including legislative documents and parliamentary records), and supports document structures
by systematically relying on international standards, best practices, guidelines and widely recognizable design patterns. |
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Pierluigi Spinosa |
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Internationalization of the Legal URN Schema |
pp.
87-97 |
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In order to facilitate trans-national references, a proposal for an international extension of the schema of uniform names which will make it possible
to identify any legal measure, issued anywhere in the world, is presented. The requested changes in the international scheme put forward by the Federal Senate of
Brazil are also discussed and, in detail, the motivations, the positive and critical aspects and finally the still open issues are analysed. In the final part a proposal of
official registration to IANA organization of a specific 'lex' namespace is proposed.
The requirements of the IANA submission and the assessment of their satisfaction are also presented. Finally the proposal to charge Italian CNIPA organization with
IANA registration is put forward. |
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Javier de Andrés Rivero, Antonio F. Gómez Skarmeta |
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CRONOLEX: A System for a Dynamic Representation of Laws |
pp.
99-106 |
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In this paper we present the architecture of a system that is being designed for the efficient recovery of Spanish laws based on the metadata structured in XML to allow the definition of a consolidated database to recover the state of a
legal norm in a certain date. |
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G. Altomare, E. Bassolino, F. Carella, T. Federici, F. Fratini, V. Monnis, E. Seta |
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Provisions modifying provisions and provisions calling for subsequent regulatory acts |
pp.
107-115 |
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Régis Riveret, Monica Palmirani, Antonino Rotolo |
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Legal Consolidation formalised in Defeasible Logic and based on Agents |
pp.
117-135 |
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Updated legal corpora have been indicated by the European Union as fundamental to eDemocracy, and member states looking to set up eGovernment initiatives are acting on that input. However, the usual automation of legal consolidation presents shortcomings, namely, the collapse of temporal dimensions and local views of normative systems. This paper presents solutions to these shortcomings by
providing the formalisation in logic of an appropriate legal temporal model and an investigation of the use of the multi-agent paradigm. |
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Harald Hoffmann, Friedrich Lachmayer |
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Provisions as legislative elements: Annotations to Biagioli's Theory |
pp.
137-148 |
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Biagioli's theory of legal provisions classifies the semantic elements of legal acts. He requests the legists to implement an equivalence between formal legal elements and semantic legal elements (the provisions), desirably with a 1:1 relation. The authors of this contribution expand on this approach by differentiating
between the legal and the documentalistic system. Of course, in the case of authentic electronic publication both systems will merge again. To lay systematic grounds for this differentiation this contribution develops a formal notation of the legal and documentalistic systems and suggests an abstract visualisation. |
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John McClure |
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Legal-RDF Vocabularies, Requirements & Design Rationale |
pp.
149-159 |
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This is a rationale covering certain recommendations I've made about the design of an international standard for the exchange of legislative documents during my presentation, Legislative-XHTML - Integrating ECMA Script & RDF, to the V Legislative XML Workshop. This paper focuses on the scope of data models needed for open and de-centralized legislative document annotation. These data models are used when naming text words, phrases, and numeric and currency amounts in a document. Automated extraction of this information - the ultimate aim of legislative document exchange - is argued to be best accomplished using a document exchange standard that is built upon the Resource Description Framework (RDF) rather than XML Schema. Electing RDF implies strongly that annotating XHTML, Version 2.0 documents is the proper medium for standardized exchange. |
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Gianmaria Ajani, Leonardo Lesmo, Guido Boella, Alessandro Mazzei, Piercarlo Rossi |
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Multilingual Conceptual Dictionaries Based on Ontologies |
pp.
161-172 |
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This paper introduces a new tool called ''Legal Taxonomy Syllabus''. This is a ontology based tool designed in order to annotate and recover multi-lingua
legal information. |
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Rossella Rubino, Antonino Rotolo, Giovanni Sartor |
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An OWL Ontology of Norms and Normative Judgements |
pp.
173-187 |
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In this paper we present an OWL ontology of fundamental legal concepts developed within the ESTRELLA European project. The ontology includes the basic normative components of legal knowledge: deontic modalities, obligative rights, permissive rights, liberty rights, liability rights, dierent kinds of legal powers, potestative rights (rights to produce legal results) and sources of law. Besides the taxonomy the ontology comprises also the semantic relations between the concepts.
The aim of the paper is that the proposed ontology may be useful for semantic access to digital legal information and for the representation of legal knowledge. |
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Daniela Tiscornia |
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The Lois Project: Lexical Ontologies for Legal Information Sharing |
pp.
189-204 |
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Semantic metadata are expected to support search engines for legal information retrieval, providing legal knowledge to include into their search strategies. In a wide meaning, semantic metadata are 'all kind of information describing a resource'; this paper focuses on a strict notion of semantic metadata, meaning
'information about content', i.e. 'what the resource is about'. In general standard frameworks such as Dublin Core, this kind of information is expressed by the metadata 'Subject', which carries at least one preferred term from lexical resources as controlled vocabularies or encoding schemes, which are usually defined as hierarchies of terms, usually lacking a purely defined semantics. Starting from an European project recently concluded, this paper presents a methodology for building a multilingual semantic lexicon for law, featuring lexically and legally grounded conceptual representations, to be used either as a source of semantic metadata and as an external tool for cross lingual retrieval. The role played by semantic resources, such as lexical
and formal ontologies in improving real access to legal information is analysed and the problems encountered in the methodological steps are outlined. |
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Monica Palmirani, Federica Benigni |
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Norma-System: A Legal Information System for Managing Time |
pp.
205-223 |
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This paper presents Norma-System, a legal information system developed by CIRSFID (of the University of Bologna) to manage legal resources over
time, enabling front-office as well as back-office functions; the system can also ensure legally valid output in agreement with the principles of legal theory. In fact, contentmanagement
systems are increasingly being designed for easy management of legal resources, but they often omit to factor into the design the general legal principles on
which basis a mere document repository may be made into a legal database proper, capable of presenting legal resources in proper form. |
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Clyde Hatter |
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Standard Models for Legislation -- The Cost of Compliance |
pp.
225-237 |
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This essay discusses some of the issues that affect the development of standard models for legislation. Although there is wide agreement that legislation interchange standards are a Good Thing, few standards are in use which cross multiple jurisdictions. The essay is not concerned with the merits or demerits of any
particular standard, but, instead looks at factors that are significant in determining whether or not a standard is adopted. It argues that the creation of a legislative standard is complicated by the fact that legislation has multiple consumers and producers, all with differing needs. Reconciling these needs into a single ‘model’ of legislation which will add value at all stages required for its effective implementation is a tricky problem. |
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Tommaso Agnoloni, Enrico Francesconi, Pierluigi Spinosa |
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xmLegesEditor: an OpenSource Visual XML Editor for supporting Legal National Standards |
pp.
239-251 |
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The NormeinRete (NIR) project aims at providing improved accessibility to normative documents. To this end XML and URN standards have been estabilished for norms representation and identification. In this paper xmLegesEditor, an Open Source visual XML editor providing a unified access to software tools for supporting the adoption of NIR standards, is presented. Thanks to its modularity
and flexibility xmLegesEditor can be reused as a developing platform for supporting any XML standard and in particular other Legislative XML standards. |
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Claudia Soria, Roberto Bartolini, Alessandro Lenci, Simonetta Montemagni, Vito Pirrelli |
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Automatic extraction of semantics in law documents |
pp.
253-266 |
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In this paper we address the problem of automatically enriching legal texts with semantic annotation, an essential pre-requisite to effective indexing and retrieval of legal documents. This is done through illustration of a computational system developed for automated semantic annotation of (Italian) law texts. This tool
is an incremental system using Natural Language Processing techniques to perform two tasks: i) classify law paragraphs according to their regulatory content, and ii) extract relevant text fragments corresponding to specific semantic roles that are relevant for the different types of regulatory content. The paper sketches the overall
architecture of the tool and reports results of a preliminary case study on a sample of Italian law texts. |
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Carlo Biagioli, Amedeo Cappelli, Enrico Francesconi, Fabrizio Turchi |
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Law Making Environment. Perspectives |
pp.
267-281 |
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In this paper a model-driven module able to guide the legislative drafter in planning a new bill is presented. This module aims at helping the legislative drafter to build a new act from a conceptual point of view. Using this module the classical drafting process is inverted: the structure of a bill is constructed on the basis of its semantics. The main phases of the planning process and the software architecture of this module are shown. |
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